nonstandardness

At neither age did nonstandardness of dialect or accent cause a problem for teacher-pupil communication, so it is unlikely that it was in any direct manner a cause of the later associated lower attainment.

どちらの年齢においても、方言や訛りの非標準性が教師と児童のコミュニケーションの問題を引き起こすことはなかったため、それが後の学力低下に直接的な原因となった可能性は低い